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Researchers suspect that changes in other genes, which have not been identified, are also associated with Tourette syndrome. Because mutations have been reported in so few people with this condition, the association of the SLITRK1 gene with this disorder has not been confirmed. Most people with Tourette syndrome do not have a mutation in the SLITRK1 gene. It is unclear how mutations in the SLITRK1 gene can lead to this disorder. The SLITRK1 protein probably plays a role in the development of nerve cells, including the growth of specialized extensions ( axons and dendrites ) that allow each nerve cell to communicate with nearby cells. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is active in the brain. Mutations involving the SLITRK1 gene have been identified in a small number of people with Tourette syndrome. Scientists believe that tics may result from changes in brain chemicals ( neurotransmitters ) that are responsible for producing and controlling voluntary movements. Most of these factors are unknown, and researchers are studying risk factors before and after birth that may contribute to this complex disorder. In addition to frequent tics, people with Tourette syndrome are at risk for associated problems including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, depression, and problems with sleep.Ī variety of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing Tourette syndrome. The involuntary use of inappropriate or obscene language (coprolalia) is possible, but uncommon, among people with Tourette syndrome. More complex vocalizations include repeating the words of others (echolalia) or repeating one's own words (palilalia). Simple vocal tics include grunting, sniffing, and throat-clearing. Vocal tics, which generally appear later than motor tics, also can be simple or complex. Motor tics also can be complex (involving multiple muscle groups), such as jumping, kicking, hopping, or spinning. Simple motor tics, such as rapid eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, or nose twitching, are usually the first signs of Tourette syndrome. Some motor tics are simple and involve only one muscle group. Tourette syndrome involves both motor tics, which are uncontrolled body movements, and vocal or phonic tics, which are outbursts of sound. In most cases, tics become milder and less frequent in late adolescence and adulthood. Tics usually appear in childhood, and their severity varies over time. The words increase and multiply can be used in similar contexts, but increase used intransitively implies progressive growth in size, amount, or intensity used transitively it may imply simple not necessarily progressive addition.Tourette syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements or noises called tics. The synonyms enlarge and multiply are sometimes interchangeable, but enlarge implies expansion or extension that makes greater in size or capacity.Įnlarged the kitchen When could increase be used to replace multiply? The inheritance augmented his fortune When would enlarge be a good substitute for multiply? The meanings of augment and multiply largely overlap however, augment implies addition to what is already well grown or well developed. With each attempt the problems multiplied When is it sensible to use augment instead of multiply? While all these words mean "to make or become greater," multiply implies increase in number by natural generation or by indefinite repetition of a process. Some common synonyms of multiply are augment, enlarge, and increase.
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Frequently Asked Questions About multiply How does the verb multiply contrast with its synonyms?